British Journal of Anaesthesia (Wilson et al 2022) | Learning from individualised variation for evidence generation within a learning health system British Journal of Anaesthesia (Krishnamoorthy et al 2020) | Causal inference in perioperative medicine observational research: part 1, a graphical introduction British Journal of Anaesthesia | Causal inference in perioperative medicine observational research: part 2, advanced methods European Heart Journal (Chen et al 2022) | Nudging within learning health systems: next generation decision support to improve cardiovascular car Research letter CDSS Prospero registration